Off-grid cities: Elite infrastructural secession and social justice

The Off-Grid Cities project is an NRF-funded project that focuses on how urban elites are seceding from state-provided infrastructure networks in favour of private hybrid and off-grid technologies. These actions are transforming the provision and consumption of services in cities, with consequences for climate change and social justice. The project builds on the social justice literature and introduces it into climate change scholarship in the global South, recognising that the actions of one social group affect resource allocation in highly unequal cities, and that the infrastructures of elites tend to be absent from urban climate thinking.

Hence, the core objective of the project is to explore how elite infrastructure transitions need to be integrated into debates on, and practices of, producing cities that are environmentally sustainable and socially just. This will be done through a comparative analysis of electricity and water infrastructure in South Africa, focused on practices of elite households and businesses, as well as the policies and programmes of relevant government stakeholders responsible for this infrastructure.

The project team comprises a group of academics and students from a range of institutions including GCRO, the University of the Western Cape, the University of Cambridge, Cardiff University and the University of Sheffield.

The project website can be accessed here.

Project updates

2023

With the finalisation of fieldwork in mid-2023, the Off-grid Cities project team has presented at various conferences around the world in 2023, including the:

• European Conference on African Studies (ECAS). Cologne, Germany (31 May - 3 June 2023)
• Royal Geographical Society (with IBG) Annual International Conference 2023 (RGS-IBG). London, United Kingdom. (29 August – 1 September 2023)
• Gridding Equitable Urban Futures in Areas of Transition (GREAT). Lancaster, United Kingdom (21-22 September 2023).

The Off-grid Cities project hosted a session at the Annual International RGS-IBG Conference in London (30 August 2023), entitled Off-grid Cities: Infrastructure tensions between sustainability and (in)justice. The session was chaired by Prof. Charlotte Lemanski and included four presentations, two of which were from the project team (Prof. Fiona Anciano and Joanna Watterson). This session was sponsored by the Energy Geographies Research Group and the Urban Geography Research Group, and was well attended. Most of the project team attended and presented at the RGS-IBG conference.

In early September 2023, the Off-Grid Cities project hosted a team writing workshop at Newnham College at the University of Cambridge, England. This writing workshop was a strategic opportunity to build team capacity and to share experiences and methods around writing. The workshop was facilitated by Cambridge Professor and project team member, Charlotte Lemanski, and was designed to be a supportive space to help the team to make progress on written work towards publication.

In November 2023, the project hosted a municipal roundtable discussion on the impact on municipalities of private investments in renewable energy, and included inputs from the City of Cape Town, the City of Johannesburg and the City of Tshwane. This event was followed hybrid workshop to discuss the interim findings of the Cape Town portion of the Off-grid Cities project.

A project dissemination workshop will be a hybrid event, online and in-person in Johannesburg, in early 2024.

2024

The project team held a knowledge exchange workshop, shared with the South African Cities Network, on 22 July 2024, for disseminating project outputs.

In late August 2024, members of the Off-Grid Cities project participated in a series of key academic activities in the UK, aimed at advancing collaborative research and disseminating project findings. A writing workshop was held in London on August 26-27, where team members Christina Culwick Fatti, Fiona Anciano, Margot Rubin, SJ Cooper-Knock, and Charlotte Lemanski made substantial progress on co-authored journal articles. Following this, the team attended the Royal Geographical Society (RGS-IBG) conference in London (August 27-30) and the African Studies Association of the UK (ASAUK) conference in Oxford (August 29-31). These events provided valuable opportunities to refine research outputs, engage with broader academic debates and foster interdisciplinary networks.

Details of these activities are provided below:

Writing Workshop

The writing workshop was held in the offices of a contact of Fiona’s in London’s West End. Over the two days, significant progress was made on various journal articles. Below is a list of the various journal articles, what progress has been made and their current status:

1. Anciano, F., Lemanski, C., Culwick Fatti, C., and Rubin, M. (under review) Substituting the state? Juxtaposing the political impacts of diverse citizens’ practices of living beyond the state. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research.
   1. During the workshop, authors responded to reviewer comments
   2. Current status: Revisions under review - have been sent back to reviewers for 2nd review.
2. Cooper-Knock, SJ., Culwick Fatti, C., Khanyile, S., Middelmann, T., Murahwa, B. and Rubin, M. (under review) Animated Intersectionality: Deepening perspectives on elite research. Qualitative Research.
   1. During the workshop, edits were made to the manuscript
   2. Current status: Under review.
3. Lemanski, C., Anciano, F., and Culwik Fatti, C. (drafting) Climate apartheid? The contradictory impacts of private solar investments for South Africa’s just transition
   1. During the workshop, the authors re-worked the aim and structure of the paper
   2. Current status: drafting and should be submitted for review within a few months.

RGS-IBG 2024

The RGS conference was held from 27 to 30 August 2024 and over 2,000 delegates attended in London and online. The programme and recordings are available here. The conference provided an opportunity to engage with other academics undertaking similar research and to get feedback on papers that were being drafted.

Fiona, Charlotte, Christina and Margot all attended the conference and were involved in various presentations related to the Off-grid Cities project as well as other projects.

Prof Charlotte Lemanski (University of Cambridge), Fiona Anciano (UWC) and Christina Culwick Fatti (UWC) participated in the Alternative Southern Methodologies for Justice sessions. Prof. Lemanski and Prof. Anciano co-authored two papers in this session. The first was on decolonising methodologies through storytelling (Charlotte Lemaniski, Henry Staples, Fiona Anciano and Melanie Lombard) as part of a British Academy project on Representations of Crisis across cities in Colombia and South Africa. The second was on the complex and overlapping practices of just sustainability through the example of private renewable energy in South Africa (Christina Culwick Fatti, Charlotte Lemanski and Fiona Anciano) as part of the NRF Off-Grid Cities project. These sessions were a productive and open space to discuss innovations and challenges in decolonising scholarship in and on the global South.

On 30 August 2024, Margot Rubin presented a paper that was coauthored with GCRO colleagues, entitled ‘Transcalar crises and renegotiating the state and governance in post-pandemic South Africa’ (Margot Rubin, Philip Harrison, Rob Moore and Graeme Gotz) in the session on ‘Mapping crises and conjunctures’ convened by Colin Lorne, Open University, UK, and Matthew Thompson, University College London.

The presentations are listed below.

Students and postdocs

Together with the NRF, this project has funded two Postdoctoral Fellows, one PhD student and two Masters students:

• Temba Middelmann (Postdoctoral Fellow, UWC)
• Brian Murahwa (Postdoctoral Fellow, UJ/GCRO)
• Joanna Watterson (PhD student, Cambridge)
• Eyong Tarh (PhD student, UWC)
• Miguel Isaac (Masters student, UWC)
• Zackeen Thomas (Masters student, UWC)

Previous team members included: Simbarashe Nyuke and Sheliza Bhanjee.

Outputs

Academic publications

Maree, G. and Khanyile, S. (2024). Moving beyond basic service delivery for inclusive reliable infrastructure. South African Journal of Science, 120 (11/12), Article no. 18702. https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2024/18702

Media

Culwick Fatti, C. and Khanyile, S. (2023). 'South Africa’s power crisis: going off the grid works for the wealthy – but could deepen injustice for the poor.' The Conversation Africa. 24 February 2023. Republished on Daily Maverick, Biznews and AllAfrica.

GCRO outputs

Culwick Fatti, C. and Khanyile, S. (February 2023). 'Justice implications of household access to alternative water and electricity'. GCRO Vignette #43.

City-sector profiles

Murahwa, B. (2024). City sector profile: Water in the City of Johannesburg. November 2024.

Murahwa, B. (2024). City sector profile: Energy in the City of Johannesburg. March 2024.

Middelmann, T. (2023). City sector profile: Water in the City of Cape Town. October 2023.

Middelmann, T. (2023). City sector profile: Energy in the City of Cape Town. October 2023.

Presentations

Charlotte Lemanski (August 2024). ‘30 Years of Change and Continuity in South Africa’s Cities: Infrastructural Citizenship, African Studies Association of the UK (ASAUK) 2024, Oxford. 29 August 2024.

Fiona Anciano (August 2024). ‘Substituting for the State: The Sovereignty Impact of Diverse Citizens’ Strategies to Attain Services in Post-Apartheid’ African Studies Association of the UK (ASAUK) 2024, Oxford. 29 August 2024.

Christina Culwick Fatti, Fiona Anciano and Charlotte Lemanski, C. (August 2024). ‘Which just sustainability?: The case of private investments in renewable energy in South Africa’. Alternative Southern Methodologies for Justice session. Royal Geographical Society - Institute for British Geographers (RGS-IBG) Annual Conference, 28 August 2024.

Charlotte Lemanski, Henry Staples, Melanie Lombard and Fiona Anciano (August 2024). ‘Decolonising methodologies: Storytelling to interrogate urban crisis in ‘disorderly’ Southern cities across South Africa and Colombia’. Alternative Southern Methodologies for Justice session. Royal Geographical Society - Institute for British Geographers (RGS-IBG) Annual Conference, 28 August 2024.

Fiona Anciano and Christina Culwick Fatti (July 2024). ‘Governing the Just Urban Transition and reflecting on Off-grid Cities' (virtual), SACN, PUG & GCRO Governing the Just Urban Transition Online Knowledge Exchange, 22 July 2024.

Margot Rubin (September 2023). Substituting and supplementing the state? Juxtaposing the political impacts of diverse citizens’ practices of off-gridding and living beyond the state, GREAT Conference, Lancaster UK. 21 September 2023.

Brian Murahwa (August 2023). ‘The Energisation of Space and Uneven Development in South Africa’, Uneven Landscapes of the Energy Transition (in-person session), RGS-IBG Annual conference 2023, 30 August 2023.

Eyong M. Tarh (August 2023). ‘Social justice and the governance of solar energy: a study of Viking Business Park, Epping and Shoprite Distribution Centre, Brackenfell’, Greening at the margins: energy peripheries in climate changed geographies (hybrid session), RGS-IBG Annual conference 2023, 30 August 2023. Recording is available here.

Fiona Anciano, Charlotte Lemanski, Christina Culwick Fatti and Margot Rubin (August 2023) ‘Substituting and supplementing the state? Juxtaposing the political impacts of diverse citizens’ practices of off-gridding and living beyond the state’, Off-grid Cities: Infrastructure tensions between sustainability and (in)justice (in-person session), RGS-IBG Annual conference 2023, 30 August 2023.

Joanna Watterson and Laurence Piper (August 2023). ‘Towards a framework of ‘off-gridding’: Citizenship amid off-grid practices and processes in urban South Africa’, Off-grid Cities: Infrastructure tensions between sustainability and (in)justice (in-person session), RGS-IBG Annual conference 2023, 30 August 2023.

Samkelisiwe Khanyile and Christina Culwick Fatti (August 2023). ‘Examining the extent and distributional equity of solar in Gauteng’, Understanding the geographies of clean energy (in-person session), RGS-IBG Annual conference 2023, 30 August 2023.

Temba Middelmann (August 2023) ‘Multi-scalar analysis of the energy transition as a lens into uneven development in Cape Town’s energy and water sectors’, Understanding the geographies of clean energy (in-person session), RGS-IBG Annual conference 2023, 30 August 2023.

Christina Culwick Fatti and Margot Rubin (September 2023). ‘Examining elite grid secession in South Africa’, The role of energy social science and humanities insights (virtual session), RGS-IBG Annual conference 2023, 31 August 2023. Recording is available here.

Fiona Anciano, Mercy Brown-Luthango, Christina Culwick Fatti, Charlotte Lemanski and Margot Rubin (February 2023). 'Off-grid Cities: Considerations for sustainability and justice'. Panel discussion, 5th National Global Change Conference, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein. 1 February 2023.

Temba Middelmann (February 2023). 'Multi-scalar analysis of the drivers and impacts of household and business adoption of hybrid infrastructure'. 5th National Global Change Conference, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein. 1 February 2023.

Christina Culwick Fatti (November 2022). 'Impacts of off-grid investments in Gauteng, South Africa'. City profiles: tackling climate change governance in Johannesburg, Mumbai, Karachi and Jakarta, virtual. 29 November 2022.

Christina Culwick (November 2022). 'Building data to support sustainable infrastructure policy and planning'. ACC African Infrastructure Futures Policy Conference, Cape Town. 23 November 2022.

Blog posts & Op-eds

Middelmann, T. (2023, October 3). 'RGS and IGB conference and Cambridge Off-Grid Cities Workshop'. Available online.

Cooper-Knock, SJ. (2023, April 24). 'Subsidising Life in South Africa'. Available online.

Nyuke, S. (2023, March 8). 'Cleaning up fossil fuel divestment'. Available online.

Isaaq, M. (2023, March 8). 'Struggles ahead for a just energy transition'. Available online.

Thomas, Z. (2023, March 8). 'The risk of water apartheid: lessons from the Cape Town drought'. Available online.

Culwick Fatti, C. and Khanyile, S. (2023, February 22). 'South Africa’s power crisis: going off the grid works for the wealthy – but could deepen injustice for the poor. The Conversation Africa. Available online.

Middelmann, T. (2022, October 12). 'What is the private sector’s role in South Africa’s public energy infrastructure?'. Available online.

Watterson, J. (2022, September 14). 'South Africa’s transition to renewables: The business of off-grid energy'. Available online.

Tarh, E.M. (2022, May 6). 'Energy Justice in Africa: What role can renewable energy play?'. Available online.

Project workshops and events

Cape Town stakeholder workshop: Interim project findings, Cape Town. November 2023.

Municipal roundtable discussion, online. November 2023

Writing workshop, Cambridge, UK. September 2023.

Writing workshop, Johannesburg. November 2022

Fieldwork workshop, Cape Town. June 2022

Design and methodology workshop, virtual. September & October 2021

Project inception workshop, virtual. March 2021

News stories

Off-grid Cities writing workshop in Cambridge, 2 October 2023.

Off-grid Cities project attends RGS-IBG 2023 Conference in London, 2 October 2023

Off-Grid Cities project hosts session at 5th National Global Change Conference, 8 March 2023

Postdoctoral Researcher joins the GCRO Off-Grid Cities Project, 24 February 2023

GCRO co-hosts seminar on governing climate change in Southern cities, 16 January 2023

Last updated: 20 January 2025.